Last Updated: November 26, 2022

Note: Google Data Studio is now known as Looker Studio.

Functions in Looker Studio are formulas that are used to: 

• Aggregate data. 
• Do mathematical calculations on your data.
• Manipulate time data. 
• Manipulate geographic location data. 
• Manipulate string data. 

Functions make your calculated fields more powerful. They are used inside of calculated fields as a formula.

If you remember, we used the ‘CASE’ function as a formula when dealing with boolean values:

‘CASE’ is just one of the many functions provided by Looker Studio.

Looker Studio provides over 50 functions that you can use inside of calculated fields as a formula.

Following are the typical attributes of a function in Looker Studio

1. Every function in Looker Studio has some purpose. 
2. Every function in Looker Studio has syntax
3. All functions expect one or more parameters
4. Parameters are listed in the syntax
5. All functions return a value
6. Almost all functions have certain restrictions regarding how they can be used.

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#1 Every function in Looker Studio has some purpose

For example, the ‘CASE’ function is used to create new fields that use conditional logic to determine the field values.

The ‘AVG’ function is used to calculate the average value of a numeric field.

Similarly, the ‘COUNT’ function is used to count the number of items in a field.

Note: You can learn more about the purpose of each function from the Google help documentation on each function: https://support.google.com/datastudio/topic/7019880?hl=en&ref_topic=7570421   

#2 Every function in Looker Studio has syntax

Syntax defines how a function must be used. It defines how parameters (more about them later) must be used. 

For example, the following is the syntax for the CASE function:

CASE

    WHEN condition THEN result

    WHEN condition THEN result

    WHEN condition THEN result

    … 

    ELSE result 

END

Following is the syntax for ‘AVG’ function:

AVG(value)

Following is the syntax for ‘COUNT’ function:

COUNT(value)

Note: You can learn more about the syntax of each function from the Google help documentation on each function: https://support.google.com/datastudio/topic/7019880?hl=en&ref_topic=7570421   

#3 All functions expect one or more parameters

Parameters (also called ‘arguments’) are the input a function expects in Looker Studio. The parameter tells the function of what data to act upon. 

Parameters can be field names or expressions. 

An expression can be a number, literal text, or a statement that evaluates to a field name in your data source. 

Parameters can also provide additional instructions or formatting information.

For example, CASE function expects the following parameters:

1. Condition
2. Result
3. Else result

#1 Condition—It is an expression which evaluates to a boolean value (true or false). Conditions can include dimensions or metrics but not both:

#2 Result – the value to return. It can be a dimension, metric, or literal value:

#3 ELSE result (optional) – It is the default value to return if no other condition is met.

Note(1): When providing parameters, be sure to enclose the literal text in single or double-quotes.
Note(2): You can learn more about the parameters used by each function from the Google help documentation on each function: https://support.google.com/datastudio/topic/7019880?hl=en&ref_topic=7570421
Note(3): You can click on the ‘Format Formula’ button, to make your formula more readable.

#4 Parameters are listed in the syntax

All the parameters which the CASE function expect, are listed in the syntax of the CASE function:

CASE

    WHEN condition THEN result

    WHEN condition THEN result

    WHEN condition THEN result

    … 

    ELSE result 

END

So if you remember the syntax, you will remember how to use the CASE function.

#5 All functions return a value

For example, ‘CASE’ function returns dimensions or metrics based on conditional expressions.

The ‘AVG’ function returns the average for all values in a field or expression.

Similarly, the COUNT function returns the total number of items in a field or expression.

Note: You can learn more about the values returned by each function from the Google help documentation on each function: https://support.google.com/datastudio/topic/7019880?hl=en&ref_topic=7570421   

#6 Almost all functions have certain restrictions regarding how they can be used

For example, when using the CASE function you can not compare dimensions to dimensions or metrics to metrics:

In Looker Studio, you can compare a dimension or metric only with a literal value. 

Similarly, you can not apply the AVG function or COUNT function to a pre-aggregated field.

Note: You can learn more about such restrictions on each function from the Google help documentation on each function: https://support.google.com/datastudio/topic/7019880?hl=en&ref_topic=7570421   

More information on each function, including examples, is also available in the formula editor.

When you type a function name in the formula editor, Looker Studio provides information about the function like its syntax, its purpose, and its use case:

The bottom of the formula editor sometimes provides additional information about how a function is being used and how it should be used.  

For example, in the screenshot above, the Looker Studio was expecting arguments (Expected arguments, but none were provided).

Types of Looker Studio functions

All of the Looker Studio functions are grouped into the following categories:

1. Aggregation functions
2. Arithmetic functions
3. Date functions
4. Geo functions
5. Text functions
6. Conditional functions
7. Miscellaneous functions

Aggregation functions

These functions are used to aggregate data. 

Following are examples of aggregation functions:

1. AVG : AVG(X)
2. COUNT : COUNT(X)
3. COUNT_DISTINCT : COUNT_DISTINCT(X)
4. MAX : MAX(X)
5. MEDIAN : MEDIAN(X)
6. MIN : MIN(X)
7. PERCENTILE : PERCENTILE(X,N)
8. STDDEV : STDDEV(X)
9. SUM : SUM(X)
10. VARIANCE : VARIANCE(X)

Note: Aggregation functions can not be applied to already aggregated data. This includes most metrics found in Google Analytics and Google Ads. For example, Sessions is already summed in your data set, so the formula SUM(Sessions) will produce an error.

Arithmetic functions

These functions are used to do mathematical calculations on your data.

Following are examples of Arithmetic functions:

1. ABS : ABS(X)
2. ACOS : ACOS(X)
3. ASIN : ASIN(X)
4. ATAN : ATAN(X)
5. CEIL : CEIL(X)
6. COS : COS(X)
7. FLOOR : FLOOR(X)
8. LOG : LOG(X)
9. LOG10 : LOG10(X)
10. NARY_MAX : NARY_MAX(X, Y [,Z]*)
11. NARY_MIN : NARY_MIN(X, Y [,Z]*)
12. POWER : POWER(X, Y)
13. ROUND : ROUND(X, Y)
14. SIN : SIN(X)
15. SQRT : SQRT(X)
16. TAN : TAN(X)

Date functions

These functions are used to manipulate time data. 

Following are examples of Date functions:

1. CURRENT_DATE : CURRENT_DATE([time_zone])
2. CURRENT_DATETIME : CURRENT_DATETIME([time_zone])
3. DATE : DATE(year, month, day)
4. DATE_DIFF : DATE_DIFF(X, Y)
5. DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE : DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE(integer)
6. DATETIME : DATETIME(year, month, day, hour, minute, second)
7. DATETIME_ADD : DATETIME_ADD(datetime_expression, INTERVAL integer part)
8. DATETIME_DIFF : DATETIME_DIFF(date_expression, date_expression, part)
9. DATETIME_SUB : DATETIME_SUB(datetime_expression, INTERVAL integer part)
10. DATETIME_TRUNC : DATETIME_TRUNC(date_expression, part)
11. DAY : Day(date_expression)
12. EXTRACT : EXTRACT(part FROM date_expression)
13. FORMAT_DATETIME : FORMAT_DATETIME(format_string, datetime_expression)
14. HOUR : HOUR(datetime_expression)
15. MINUTE : MINUTE(datetime_expression)
16. MONTH : MONTH(date_expression)
17. PARSE_DATE : PARSE_DATE(format_string, text)
18. PARSE_DATETIME : PARSE_DATETIME(format_string, text)
19. QUARTER : QUARTER(date_expression)
20. SECOND : SECOND(datetime_expression)
21. TODATE : TODATE(X, Input Format, Output Format)
22. TODAY : TODAY([time_zone])
23. UNIX_DATE : UNIX_DATE(date_expression)
24. WEEK : WEEK(Date)
25. WEEKDAY : WEEKDAY(Date)
26. YEAR : YEAR(Date)
27. YEARWEEK : YEARWEEK(Date)

Note: Date functions assume UTC as their timezone. Date functions can optionally take either an input or output (or both) format string.

Geo functions

These functions are used to manipulate geographic location data. 

Following are examples of Geo functions:

1. TOCITY : TOCITY(X [,Input Format])
2. TOCONTINENT : TOCONTINENT(X [,Input Format])
3. TOCOUNTRY : TOCOUNTRY(X [,Input Format])
4. TOREGION : TOREGION(X [,Input Format])
5. TOSUBCONTINENT : TOSUBCONTINENT(X [,Input Format])

Text functions

These functions are used to manipulate string data. 

Following are examples of text functions:

1. CONCAT : CONCAT(X, Y)
2. CONTAINS_TEXT : CONTAINS_TEXT(X, text)
3. ENDS_WITH  : ENDS_WITH(X, text)
4. LEFT_TEXT  : LEFT_TEXT(X, length)
5. LENGTH : LENGTH(X)
6. LOWER : LOWER(X)
7. REGEXP_CONTAINS : REGEXP_CONTAINS(X, regular_expression)
8. REGEXP_EXTRACT : REGEXP_EXTRACT(X, regular_expression)
9. REGEXP_MATCH : REGEXP_MATCH(X, regular_expression)
10. REGEXP_REPLACE : REGEXP_REPLACE(X, regular_expression, replacement)
11. REPLACE : REPLACE(X, Y, Z)
12. RIGHT_TEXT  : RIGHT_TEXT(X, length)
13. STARTS_WITH  : STARTS_WITH(X, text)
14. SUBSTR : SUBSTR(X, start index, length)
15. TRIM : TRIM(X)
16. UPPER : UPPER(X)

Conditional functions

These functions are used to evaluate a certain condition and then return the values.

Following are examples of text functions and their syntax:

1. CASE:  Its Syntax is like below

CASE
   WHEN condition1 THEN result1
   [WHEN condition2 THEN result2]
   [...]
   [ELSE else_result3]
END

2. CASE  (Simple): Its syntax is like below

CASE input_expression
   WHEN expression_to_match1 THEN result1
   [WHEN expression_to_match2 THEN result2]
[...]
[ELSE result3]
END

3. COALESCE: Returns the first non-missing value found in a list of fields. Its syntax is like below

COALESCE(field_expression[,field_expression, ...])

4. IFNull: Returns a result if the input is null, otherwise, returns the input. Its syntax is like below

IFNULL(input_expression, null_result)

5. IF : Normal IF condition and its suntax is like below

IF(condition, true_result, false_result)

Miscellaneous functions

Functions that do not fall in any of the below categories come under the ‘miscellaneous functions’ category:

1. Aggregation functions
2. Arithmetic functions
3. Date functions
4. Geo functions
5. Text functions
6. Conditional functions

Following are the examples of miscellaneous functions:

1. CAST: CAST : CAST(field_expression AS TYPE)
2. HYPERLINK : HYPERLINK : HYPERLINK(URL, link label)
3. IMAGE : IMAGE : IMAGE(Image URL, [Alternative Text])

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